Module+4

Exercise 7.1: Identifying Benefits Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 9 points) A. State your societal problem. Briefly describe your preferred policy at the local, state, or federal level and identify the primary unit of government responsible for implementing your policy. Your preferred policy is the one you believe will be most successful in dealing with the societal problem. Note: The problem and level you choose do not have to be the same as you used in Module 3, and you may choose a policy that is different than those you specified in Module 3. (3 points) Part A score:_____ Inadequate supply of kidney donations in the United States. Compensation for kidney donors would “persuade” much more individuals to give up organs. The federal government would have responsibility of running any transfers of money for kidneys. Nephrologist Benjamin Hippen states that in Iran, there is a sort of compensation policy with kidney donors. A non-profit, volunteer-run Dialysis and Transplant Patients Association (DATPA) mediates between recipients and donors. If this compensation system works in Iran, and has made it the only country in the world to eliminate kidney shortage, then it has potential to be effective in the US. Tabarrok, Alex. (2008, April 14). // Financial Compensation for Organ Donors is Working. //Retrieved (2011, Feb. 7), from [] B. List the three most significant benefits of your policy and assign a rating of significance of 1, 2, or 3 to each item. Each rating can be used more than once. List each item in order from most significant (3) to least significant (1). Justify each rating you have assigned in no more than two sentences. (6 points) Part B Score:_____ ** Rating (1-3): ** 3 ** Justification of rating: ** In a system of compensation for kidney’s, the poor may be more subjected to providing their spare kidney as they need more money more of the time then the rich. ** Rating (1-3): ** 3 ** Justification of rating: ** Less death is very beneficial to family, friends, individual, etc. ** Rating (1-3): ** 2 ** Justification of rating: ** The extra cash could be put to so many uses, such as getting out of debt, putting someone through college, and so many more reasons.  Exercise 7.2: Identifying Costs Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 6 points) List the three most significant costs of your policy and assign a rating of significance of 1, 2, or 3 to each item. Each rating can be used more than once. List each item in order from most significant (3) to least significant (1). Justify each rating you have assigned in no more than two sentences. All financial considerations must be grouped as a single cost. Do not discuss problems with the policy itself, but instead the costs that will arise if it is implemented. ** Rating (1-3): ** 3 ** Justification of rating: ** In a system of compensation for kidney’s, the poor may be more subjected to providing their spare kidney as they need more money more of the time then the rich. ** Rating (1-3): ** 2 ** Justification of rating: ** With proper government regulation, the risk of a black market arising is low, but still possible. ** Rating (1-3): ** 1 ** Justification of rating: ** The cost of people to oversee exchanges, as well as any hierarchy of employees assigned the role of regulating a legitimate kidney trade will have to be there, although the costs will not be tremendous.  Exercise 7.3: Comparing Benefits and Costs Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 3 points) Calculate the benefit‑cost ratio as described in the // Maxwell Manual // and show your calculations below. Then, in one sentence, interpret the ratio. No citation or reference is needed for this exercise. {3, 3, 2} = 8     {3, 2, 1} = 6      8/6 = 1.333      The ratio of 1.333 means that a system with compensation for kidneys has slightly more beneficial aspects then costs.  Exercise 7.4: Analyzing Your Career Preferences Your Total Score: ___ (Maximum: 16 points)   Salary and economic risk are the most important categories to me. Salary has to be high, but at the same time, there must be security in the paycheck you receive month to month. I want a living above middle-class, but I must have a job that I will not lose assuming I perform to my expectations of the profession.  ** 1 – Of Very Little Importance 2 – Somewhat Important 3 – Very Important  **  1. __3__ **Helping Society:** Doing something that contributes to improving our world.  2. __3__ **Helping Others:** Being involved in helping other people in a direct way.  3. __2__ **Competition:** Engaging in activities that rival my abilities against others.  4. __2__ **Creativity:** Creating new ideas, programs, or organizational structures.  5. __2__ **Artistic Creativity:** Engaging in creative activities such as painting, writing, or acting.  6. __3__ **Knowledge:** Engaging in learning and understanding new things.  7. __3__ **Having Power and Authority:** Controlling or influencing the opinions and activities of others.  8. __2__ **Public Contact:** Having a lot of day- to-day contact with others.  9. __2__ **Working Alone:** Doing projects alone without much contact with others.  10. __1__ **Religious:** Participating in activities to better relate to the divine, mystical, or spiritual. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 11. __3__ **Recognition:** Being recognized for the things I do in a public way. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 12. __3__ **Physical Challenge:** Doing activities that will require strength, speed, or agility. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 13. __3__ **Excitement:** Doing stimulating or thrilling work. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 14. __3__ **Intellectual Status:** Being thought of as an intellectual or an expert. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 15. __2__ **Change and Variety:** Having responsibilities that frequently change. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 16. __3__ **Stability:** Having structure and routine in my activities. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 17. __3__ **Profit-Gain:** Making lots of money. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 18. __3__ **Fun:** Finding pleasure in what you do. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 19. __2__ **Working With Others:** Working as a team member toward common goals. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 20. __2__ **Adventure:** Participating in risk- taking activities. <span style="line-height: 150%; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 21. __3__ **Independence:** Being my own boss. 22. __2__ **Technology:** Working well with machines and tools. Knowledge and fun are the two most important values to me. I love to engage in learning now, and hope to pursue education throughout my life (in a sense, never really stop learning). Having fun, or enjoying my profession is another since I have to like what I do, or else what is the point of it, even if you are making lots of money. ** 1-  ****  Not interested 2- Minimally Interested 3- Not sure 4- Interested 5- Very interested  ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"> || || __1___ Research new ways to produce food __5___ Care for animals __1___ Set up traps to catch crabs, lobster, or shellfish __1___ Manage a farm __1___ Maintain planted areas of trees, flowers, or shrubs **  __9___ Total  ** || || ** 2. Architecture & Construction ** __3___ Design, build, or remodel homes __1___ Survey roads, property lines, and bridges __1___ Build roads or bridges __1___ Install electrical wiring in a building __1___ Install plumbing and bathroom pipes/fixtures **  __7___ Total  ** || || ** Communications ** __4___ Write stories or plays __3___ Broadcast programs on TV or radio __1___ Design a web page __2___ Play in a band, orchestra, or music group __1___ Operate equipment used in radio and TV  **   __11___ Total  ** || || ** 4. Business, Management & ** ** Administration ** __3___ Type or write reports __1___ Prepare tax records for people or   companies __4___ Manage a store __2___ Work with computers __1___ Answer the telephone and greet customers **  __11___ Total  ** || ||  __1___ Teach students to read __4___ Take care of young children __3___ Research test data __4___ Teach a Yoga class __4___ Coach a team ** __16___  ****  Total  ** || || ** 6. Finance  ** __1___ Keep track of money __1___ Sell insurance to people __1___ Manage a bank department __1___ Prepare financial records for people or companies __1___ Help people invest their money ** __5___  ****  Total  ** || ||  __5___ Plan a skate park __3___ Direct a social service agency __4___ Participate in fund raisers __3___ Make regulations to protect the environment __1___ Develop bills to become laws ** __16___  ****  Total  ** || || ** 8. Health Science ** __5___ Examine people and give them medical treatment __2___ Give first aid to patients in an ambulance __5___ Help an injured person learn to walk again __1___ Process medical records and correspondence __5___ Read an X-ray ** __18___  ****  Total  ** || ||  __4___ Escort groups of people on tours __1___ Serve meals and beverages to people __3___ Umpire or referee a sporting event __1___ Plan and conduct activities and trips for tourists __3___ Manage a hotel ** __12___  ****  Total  ** || || ** 10. Human Services   ** __4___ Counsel people in hospitals, clinics, or      schools __3___ Help youth, couples, and families resolve conflict __5___ Advise people about their nutritional needs __1___ Hold parenting classes __1___ Plan activities for community centers ** __14___  ****  Total  ** || ||     __1___ Follow blueprints to inspect electronic equipment __1___ Use computer applications to create reports __1___ Repair computers __1___ Design programs for computers __1___ Write technical directions for engineers ** __5___  ****  Total  ** || ||  # <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18;">**  Law, Public Safety, Corrections & Security  ** __3___ Protect lives and property from hazards __3___ Uncover details of a crime and arrest suspects __1___ Study legal documents to find information __2___ Guard money or valuables in an armored car __1___ Defend someone in court and advise them about laws ** __10___  ****  Total  ** || ||  # <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18;">**  Manufacturing   ** __1___ Use small or large power tools to build or     repair items __1___ Use precision devices to make parts __1___ Use machines to shape, cut, or mold metal, fabric or wood __1___ Install electrical equipment __5___ Build robots ** __9___  ****  Total  ** || ||       # <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18;">**  Marketing, Sales & Service  ** __5___ Buy clothing and accessories for a      department store __1___ Sell advertising space for a magazine __1___ Provide beauty treatments for hair, faces, or nails __1___ Run your own business over the Internet __3___ Sell houses or land ** __11___  ****  Total  ** || ||  __5___ Conduct experiments in a lab __5___ Use advanced math to solve complex problems __5___ Study causes of animal diseases __5___ Study space and the solar system __5___ Find alternate power sources ** __25___  ****  Total  ** || || ** 16. Transportation, Distribution & Logistics  ** __1___ Drive a truck to deliver products __2___ Pilot a ship or airplane __1___ Drive a bus or taxi __1___ Operate a train __1___ Manage a distribution warehouse ** __6___  ****  Total  ** || || 1 Access ** __[|http://online.onetcenter.org].__ ** On the home page select “Career Clusters” under “Find Occupations.” From there select the career cluster that received the highest score from above. Choose a job that you would one day like to have. State the career cluster you selected. In no more than 250 words, describe and explain two pros and two cons for you of the job you selected. Be sure to include the education level required for this job position, salary and projected job openings. No citation needed for this exercise. (8 points) Part D score: Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) Being a geneticist has both its benefits and cons. A major benefit for me is the continuing learning of genetics throughout the career, due to the field being relatively new to the scientific community. I love to keep learning, so this fits well with the career. Another benefit includes working with the most complex technologies to examine one of the most interesting pieces of biology and nature: DNA. The complex molecule that is DNA is fascinates me greatly, and this is a plus because I would then enjoy the field I am working in (one of the more important aspects of a career for me). A con to go with the job is that the pay is not particularly astounding. You can be lucky, and land in a well founded project involving genetics, but the norm is a living of less than 70,000 dollars a year. The other con is that being a geneticist requires a lot of lab work; in fact, it is the majority of the job. Working in a lab is not the most exciting thing in the world, compared to operating on someone. In other words, I could get bored working like that. A master’s degree is usually needed for the position, as a minimum educational requirement, but many in the field have a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D.   <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Exercise 7.5: Analyzing Benefit-Cost Discussion in the News Media Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 4 points) Using ProQuest Newspapers, or any other print or electronic newspaper source, select a recent (within the past six months) editorial, letter to the editor, or op-ed article that discusses an existing or proposed policy on __your__ societal problem. Attach the entire article directly behind this exercise. “Under the proposal, patients and kidneys would each be graded, and the healthiest and youngest 20 percent of patients and kidneys would be segregated into a separate pool so that the best kidneys would be given to patients with the longest life expectancies. The remaining 80 percent of patients would be put into a pool from which the network that arranges for organ matches, called the United Network for Organ Sharing, would try to ensure that the age difference between kidney donors and recipients was no more than 15 years.” The benefit is that the best kidney’s will go to the younger patients, the ones who need them more, such as a parent in their 30’s wanting to live long enough to see his/her kids through graduation. The rest of the kidneys will go to the elderly patients who don’t technically need the time as valuably since they will die soon. The cost of rationing is just that: there is a ethical question at stake. That elderly person is someone’s grandparent, mother, aunt, cousin, and can be considered just as valuable as a person. So, there are moral questions with the rationing policy to the kidney shortage. Gardiner Harris, the author of the publication, does a very thorough evaluation of the rationing policy. He explains the benefits, the cons, who supports what, and how it has been done with other things in the medical field before. The reader gets a good grasp of the policy. Harris, Gardiner. The New York Times. // New Kidney Transplant Policy Would Favor Younger Patients. //Retrieved (2011, Feb. 28), from [] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Exercise 8.1: Provide Data for Four Years on A Variable Measuring Your Societal Problem Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 12 points)
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">** State your societal problem here (make sure to specify the geographic location you are focusing on):  **
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">** Describe your preferred policy to deal with this societal problem here:  **
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">** Identify the level and primary unit of government responsible for implementing this policy here:  **
 * ** Identify your source of information and explain how it helped you formulate your policy here:  **
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in;"> ** List the most significant benefit here: ** Elimination of kidney shortage.
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in;"> ** List the second most significant benefit here: ** Fewer deaths due to a lack of available kidneys.
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in;"> ** List the third most significant benefit here: ** Compensation for spare kidney.
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"> ** List the most significant cost here: ** Alienation with rich and poor.
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in;"> ** List the second most significant cost here: ** Possible rise of black market with organs.
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in;"> ** List the third most significant cost here: ** Cost of government regulation.
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;">** Place the original formula and your calculation of the benefit-cost ratio here:  **
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in;">** Write a one sentence interpretation here:   **
 * 1)  Complete the survey below by placing an “x” next to your preference for a career and then answer the question at the end of the survey. (3 points) Part A Score ____ (3 points)
 * 1)  ** Salary: ** Salary Top 10%___ Between 10% and 50% Under 50% of income among US workers ___
 * 1)  ** Hours: ** Part- Time___ Less than 40 ___ No more than 40 ___ 40- 60___ Over 60___
 * 1)  ** Field Type: ** Solely doing good___ Mostly doing good ___ Doing good and making money ___ Mostly making money ___ Solely making money ___
 * 1)  ** Proximity: ** Very close to where you live ___ Within 3 hours of where you live __ Across the country ___ Out of the country ___
 * 1)  ** Travel for Job: ** No travel ___ Travel 1-12 times a year ___ Travel once a month ___ Travel once a week ___ Travel more than once a week ___
 * 1)  ** Economic Risk: ** Very risky ___ Somewhat risky ___ Neither risky nor secure ___ Somewhat secure ___ Very secure ___
 * 1)  ** Working Environment: ** Very orderly ___ Orderly ___ Neither orderly nor chaotic ___ Chaotic___ Very chaotic ___
 * 1)  ** Region: ** Northeast ___ Mid- Atlantic ___ South ___ Southwest ___ Mid- west ___ West ___
 * 1)  ** Education: ** Some high school ___ High school diploma ___ Some college ___ College diploma ___ Graduate education ___
 * 1)  ** Neighborhood: ** Urban ___ Suburban ___ Rural ___
 * **  In no more than four sentences indicate the two most important categories in this survey and why they are important to you here:   **
 * 1)  Rate the following values on a scale of 1 to 3 in terms of importance for what characteristics your career should have and answer the question that follows the survey. Part C Score ____ (3 points)
 * ** In no more than three sentences indicate which value is most important to you and why here:  **
 * 1)  Rate the following activities using a scale of 1-5 based on your possible interest in the activity, not necessarily your interest in doing the activities as a career. Add the total score for each section and mark it on the line provided (2 points). Part C Score ______
 * || ** 1. Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources  **
 * || ** 3. Arts, A/V Technology & **
 * || ** 3. Arts, A/V Technology & **
 * || ** 5. Education & Training**
 * || ** 5. Education & Training**
 * || ** 7. Government & Public Administration  **
 * || ** 7. Government & Public Administration  **
 * || ** 9. Hospitality & Tourism  **
 * || ** 9. Hospitality & Tourism  **
 * ||  # <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18;">**  Information Technology  **
 * ||  # <span style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo18;">**  Information Technology  **
 * || ** 15. Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) **
 * || ** 15. Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) **
 * ** State the career cluster you chose here:  **
 * ** Explain at least two benefits and costs of the job you selected. Be sure to include the education level required for this position here:  **
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;">** State the policy using a direct quote from the article here:   **
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;"> ** If the author does not use the terms “benefits” and “costs,” discuss what terms are used in place of them here (if the author does use the exact terms “benefits” and “costs” please specify that below as well): **
 * <span style="line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in;">** Describe how well the writer evaluates the benefits and costs of the policy here:   **

A. State your societal problem, and restate the same policy (including the same geographical location) as you stated in 7.1. (2 points) Part A score: ___ Inadequate supply of kidney donations in the United States. Compensation for kidney donors in all U.S. medical centers would “persuade” much more individuals to give up organs. B. Select one variable that measures a societal condition that you expect your policy to impact at the same geographic location stated in 7.1. The variable must use or be based on at least one piece of real data from a published print or electronic source. (10 points) <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Provide data for four time intervals. The last must be within the past calendar year. Up to three can be estimated. If you are using academic data, use school years (ex. 2001-2002). <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Data should be set up in a chart as shown in Chapter 8 of the // Maxwell Manual // and using the format below, including all appropriate labels <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo12; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Directly behind this exercise, attach a copy of the data you used for your real data point(s). The copy must come from a published print or electronic source. Part B score:_____
 * ** Restate your societal problem here, including the geographic location you are focusing on:  **
 * ** Restate the policy here, including the geographic location of the policy:  **

|| || ** Period  ** || || ** Number   ** ** of [Variable]  ** || || ** Source or Rationale for Estimation  ** || || || || 28,000   || ||  Graph Picture (from electronic source) || || || || 53,064   || ||  Graph Picture (from electronic source) || || || || 67,210   || ||  Graph Picture (from electronic source) || || || || 72,700   || ||  Graphing Calculator (TI-89) || || <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Perry, Mark. (2010, April 5). // Record Number of Patients Await Kidney Transplants. // Retrieved (2011, Mar. 7), from [] Exercise 8.2: Calculate Percent Change Using Excel
 * |||||| **  Difference Between Registered Kidney Candidates vs. Kidney Transplant Operations    **
 * |||||| **  Difference Between Registered Kidney Candidates vs. Kidney Transplant Operations    **
 * || ** Time  **
 * || ** Time  **
 * || 1998
 * || 1998
 * || 2006
 * || 2006
 * || 2009
 * || 2009
 * || 2011
 * || 2011

Your Total Score_____ (Maximum: 20 points)

A. Using the formula presented in the Chapter 8, calculate the percent change between the first and second year of the data presented in 8.1 of your own module. (3 points) Part A score:_____ <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** Write percent change here:  ** 89.5%  <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · **  Show the original formula and your calculations here:  ** (53,064 - 28,000) / 28,000 = .895    B. Using Excel and the instructions provided to you in Chapter 8, calculate the percent change between each of the four years as well as between the first year and the fourth year for the variable you collected. Show all four percent changes in the format shown in Chapter 8. (14 points) Part B score:_____ 1998 – 2006: (53,064 - 28,000) / 28,000 = .895 = 89.5%     2006 – 2009: (67,210 - 53,064) / 53,064= .267 = 26.7%      2009 – 2011: (72,700 - 67,210) / 67,210 = .082 = 8.2%      1998 – 2011: (72,700- 28,000) / 28,000 = 1.596 = 159.6%    || || || ||  Raw Data || || Percent Change || || || || 28,000   || ||    || || || ||  53,064   || ||  +89.5%   || || || ||  67,210   || ||  +26.7%   || || || ||  72,700   || ||  +8.2%   || || || ||  +159.6%   || ||  C. Describe the pattern or lack of it over the four years. (3 points) Part C score:_____ The trend has a large percent increase during the late 1990’s to the very early 2000’s. From 2006 to 2011, the percent increase appears to be dropping. However, the trend still continues to rise and so the gap between available kidneys and candidates will continue to get larger until the rate decreases to a very miniscule amount, which can take quite some time, thereby leaving a larger gap when the rate is reduced to nearly nothing. Exercise 8.3: Deciding on the Years to Use for Your Benchmark Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 6 points)
 * ** Insert Excel chart here:  **
 * |||||| Kidney Transplant Shortfall 1998-2011
 * |||||| Kidney Transplant Shortfall 1998-2011
 * || Year
 * || Year
 * || 1998
 * || 1998
 * || 2006
 * || 2006
 * || 2009
 * || 2009
 * || 2011
 * || 2011
 * |||| Total Percent Change
 * |||| Total Percent Change
 * ** Describe the pattern here:  **

State what three years for which you would set your benchmark. Briefly indicate why you have chosen those years. If your societal problem involves education, you must use academic years. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** State what three years you set your benchmark for here:  ** I would use the years 2014, 2017, and 2020. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** Briefly justify why you have chosen these years here:  ** I have chosen these years because they are in the very near future, and I feel my policy would have an immediate, drastic effect in increasing the supply of available kidneys. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Exercise 8.4: Displaying Your Baseline Forecast Total Score: ____ (Maximum: 8 points) Place a trend line graph below that displays your historical data and your baseline forecast for the three years selected in 8.3, followed by a brief justification of the forecast. The gap between the end of your historical data (as entered in 8.1) and the beginning of your forecasted years must be shown on the graph. No citation or reference is necessary for this exercise. Refer to Chapter 8 in the // Maxwell Manual //. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** Follow the instructions in 8.4 of the chapter to insert a trend line graph, and insert your graph here:  ** <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** Write a clear justification of your forecast by quoting at least two ideas discussed in 8.4 of the chapter here:  ** The past can be a fairly good indicator of the future, and so the forecast above seems reasonable because I am taking the growth rate of the gap between kidney candidates and available donors from 1998 to 2011, and continuing it through 2020. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Exercise 8.5: Setting Your Benchmarks Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 16 points)

After carefully reading the discussion in Chapter 8, indicate your three benchmarks in the spaces provided below that include the years chosen in 8.3, the benchmark, and the justification. You must use at least two of the five guidelines for setting benchmarks discussed in 8.5 of Chapter 8 in at least two different justifications. No citation or reference is necessary for this exercise. ** Complete the chart below: [Rising Kidney Shortfall Rate]  ** || || ** Benchmark  ** || || ** Justification  ** || ||  2014    || ||        26.97%    || ||        ((92307 - 72700) / 72700)*100 = percentage change || || || || ** Benchmark  ** || || ** Justification  ** || ||  2017    || ||        16.06%    || ||        ((107132 - 92307) / 92307)*100 = percentage change || || || || ** Benchmark  ** || || ** Justification  ** || ||  2020    || ||        13.84%    || ||        ((121957 - 107132) / 107132)*100 = percentage change || ||
 * || ** Year  **
 * || ** Year  **
 * || ** Year  **
 * || ** Year  **
 * || ** Year  **
 * || ** Year  **

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Exercise 8.6: Using Benchmarks to Support your Policy Proposal Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 14 points) A. Identify a player to whom you would present an oral briefing using the benchmark you developed for Exercise 8.5. List the player’s name and title below. (2 points) Part A score:____ <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** List the player’s name here:  ** Barack H. Obama <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** List the player’s title here:  ** President of the United States of America B. Place a graph that shows the historical pattern, baseline, and benchmark forecasts below: (8 points) Part B score: ___ <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** Follow the instructions in 8.4 and 8.6 from Chapter 8 to insert a trend line graph, and insert your graph here:  ** C. In no more than 3 sentences, describe the specific benefit of the policy as expressed in the above graph. (4 points) Part C score: ___ · **Place response here:** The specific benefit of my policy would be to decrease the gap between kidney candidates and the amount of kidneys available for transplantation initially, as well as decrease the gap in the future, where the trend is predicted to slow down. As one can see, regardless of implementation of my policy, the trend does not continue to increase to infinity, but rather begins to “cap off” since only so many people will have the medical issue of needing a kidney to survive. My policy would allow the same trend to simply “cap off” faster, and as a result, leaver a smaller gap interval between kidney candidates and amount of kidneys available for transplantation. Exercise 8.7: References Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 6 points) <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ** Start References on the next line or on the next page:  ** Harris, Gardiner. The New York Times. // New Kidney Transplant Policy Would Favor Younger Patients. //Retrieved (2011, Feb. 28), from [] Perry, Mark. (2010, April 5). // Record Number of Patients Await Kidney Transplants. // Retrieved (2011, Mar. 7), from [] Tabarrok, Alex. (2008, April 14). // Financial Compensation for Organ Donors is Working. //Retrieved (2011, Feb. 7), from []
 * Prepare a list of references that includes all sources for this module.
 * Follow the APA format.
 * Include all sources used in the exercises.