Module+5

Exercise 9.1: Describing the Policy to be Implemented Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 8 points) A. Briefly describe the public policy you want to implement. Be clear about what level of government -- local, state, or federal -- will implement your policy. You can choose to analyze any policy at any level. (2 points) Part A score:_____ Regulated compensation for organ donors throughout the United States would “persuade” much more individuals to give up their “spare” organs, such as a kidney or bone marrow, to those in need of them. The Federal Government. B. Describe what legislative actions including the specific body, if any, are required to implement the proposed policy. If none are required, explain why. (2 points) Part B score:_____ A law entitling the Federal Government to set up a market of compensation for organs nationwide, as well as making the National Organ Transplantation Act in 1984 (an act making it illegal to sell or buy organs for money) void, would have to be implemented through the same processes as any law. For bills to become law, they must be introduced by one or more Senators, and then traverse committees, subcommittees, until it reaches the floor of The House or Senate. There the bill enacting the law would have to be debated and voted upon before it reaches the President’s desk. If the President were to veto the bill, Congress can still override his decision with a 2/3 majority vote. C. Describe what administrative actions including the specific agency, if any, are required to implement the proposed policy. If none are required, explain why. (2 points) Part C score:_____ Administrations such as the MayoClinic would most likely be designated as centers where the transaction of kidney donations takes place because doctors there can overview the patient donating and sign off that everything is alright. The MayoClinic, or a similar organization will basically run the whole charade, with the Federal Government acting as an overseer to the process. D. Describe any actions that are required to provide funding for your policy. If none are required, explain why. (2 points) Part D score:_____ Initially, money would be needed in order to ignite a network of organ compensation throughout the country, but if the Federal Government provided the currency to get this program started, there would really be no need for funding. When the program starts up, a tax could be put on the transfer of the already removed kidney from a donor to the patient in need. The money generated in from there should be able to keep the market up and running. Exercise 9.2: Identifying Players Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 15 points) List five players that have the most influence on your policy by filling out the chart below. Briefly justify each selection, using a source for each justification. Do not use an individual player if they are a part of a larger group, such as the Senate or the House of Representatives. Up to 3 points will be deducted for each obvious player omitted. || As a supporter for an organ compensation market, and writer for the popular known “Freakonomics,” which has a blog, radio show, and movie, Stephen Dubner would have some influence in the opinions of economicists and public people alike. || || David Undis is the director of the non-profit organization LifeSharers, a popular type of organ market out there, where members are given priority of organs from other members. The backdrop aim of the organization itself is in solving the organ shortage off of giving incentive to people without currency since an organ market is still in heavy debate. || || Dr. Margaret Chan is a strong proponent of human rights to everyone, and this puts her against an organ-market compensation system anywhere in the world because such a system would mean “selling one’s body”. || || An important contributor to various literacy agents, such as the New York Times, Sally Satel believes that the ethical question on whether an organ compensation market should be opened up is obsolete in this day and age. || || Lloyd Cohen is a professor of law, with all the implications that accompany such a position. He is very knowlegable in the aspects of any lawyer, as well as in politics. He has down work with David Undis in support of an organ market, displaying that he has a fairly strong opinion regarding the matter. || -. (n.d.) LifeSharers: Organs for Organ Donors. //Welcome to LifeSharers.// Retrieved (2011, April 25), from [] Satel, Sally. (2006, May 15). The New York Times. //Death’s Waiting List.// Retrieved (2011, April 25), from [] Dubner, Stephen. (2006, May 15). Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Everything. //Is America Ready for an Organ-Donor Market?// Retrieved (2011, April 25), from [] -. (2007, October 9). World Health Organization. //Director-General announces structural changes.// Retrieved (2011, April 26), from [] Exercise 9.3: Estimating Issue Position, Power, and Priority for Each Player Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 30 points) Estimate and provide justification for the issue position, power, and priority for each player listed in Exercise 9.2. Each of the 15 reasonable and well-justified estimates is worth 2 points. At least one of the 15 justifications must be quoted from a player, expert, or stakeholder you interviewed during the course or you will lose 10 points. || || Player 1 score:_____ (leave blank for the grader) || || || Player 2 score:_____ (leave blank for the grader) || || || Player 3 score:_____ (leave blank for the grader) || || Player 4 score:_____ (leave blank for the grader) || || Player 5 score:_____ (leave blank for the grader) Cohen, L., & Undis, D. J. (2006, May 11). LewRockwell.com. Organ Socialism. Retrieved (2011, April 26), from [] Cohen, L., & Undis, D. J. (2006, January 2). LewRockwell.com. Organ Insurgents vs.Organ Bureaucrats. Retrieved (2011, April 26), from [] Rachlin, Joan. (2009, August 25). PRIM&R. Who is Sally Satel, and why is she saying those things about IRBs? Retrieved (2011, April 26), from [] Exercise 9.4: Completing the Prince Chart and Calculating the Probability of the Policy Being Accepted Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 8 points) Part A score:_____ **Restate your policy here:** Regulated compensation for organ donors throughout the United States would “persuade” much more individuals to give up their spare kidney to those in need of a kidney transplant. B. Calculate the probability of the policy being implemented following the directions on pp. 112-114 in the //Maxwell Manual//. (2 points) Part B score:_____ Sum of all positive Prince Scores plus ½ the sum of all neutral Prince Scores: (20 + 36 + 30 + 12) + (0/2) = (98) + (0) = 98   Sum of all Prince Scores ignoring signs and parentheses: (20 + 36 + 30 + 12 + 100) = 198   Probability of Support = Sum of all positive Prince Scores plus ½ the sum of all neutral Prince Scores**/**Sum of all Prince Scores ignoring signs and parentheses = 98/198 = .495 = 49.5%   A probability of support equaling 49.5% falls in an uncertain interpretation. This means the policy of compensation for organ donors is likely to be disputed without resolution, as it currently is.
 * **Describe the public policy here, including the geographic location where it will be implemented:**
 * **State the level of government that will implement the policy here:**
 * **Describe the legislative actions required here:**
 * **Describe the administrative actions required here:**
 * **Describe the actions required for funding here:**
 * **PLAYER AND TITLE** || **JUSTIFICATION** ||
 * **1.) Stephen J. Dubner, writer for “Freakonomics”**
 * **2.) David Undis, Executive Director of LifeSharers**
 * **3.) Dr. Margaret Chan, the Director-General of the World Health Orginization**
 * **4.) Sally Satel, American Enterprise Institute scholar**
 * **5.) Lloyd Cohen, professor of law at the George Mason University School of Law**
 * **PLAYER 1 –** || **Name and Title:** Stephen J. Dubner, writer for “Freakonomics” ||
 * **Issue Position:** 5 || **Justification:** In his blog post, Mr. Dubner takes a very strong, one sided view in support of an organ market.
 * **Power:** 2 || **Justification:** Mr. Dubner can write very well, and his work does sell, but literature can only influence so many people, and I believe it only extends to a few very high officials. ||
 * **Priority:** 2 || **Justification:** Although Mr. Dubner apparently feels strongly on the issue, he tackles so many other issues with “Freakonomics” that the organ market issue is just not his top concern.
 * **PLAYER 2 -** || **Name and Title:** David Undis, Executive Director of LifeSharers ||
 * **Issue Position:** 4 || **Justification:** The LifeSharers organization is very commited to determining other ways to resist the organ shortage without currency compensation, but they are not against the method itself (they only look for alternatives because such a method is not feasible yet). David Undis happens to be a very strong supporter of an organ compensation market because he believes it goes against the current policy he deems “organ socialism.”
 * **Power:** 3 || **Justification:** Although still a relatively small organization in terms of numbers, LifeSavers has a lot of key supporting figures and is constantly growing.
 * **Priority:** 3 || **Justification:** As mentioned, although many supporters of LifeSharers and David Undis are in favor of an organ market, the main goal of the whole organization is too have an alternative to transport shortages for individuals, and it does not have a direct aim of lobbying for a compensation system.
 * **PLAYER 3 -** || **Name and Title:** Dr. Margaret Chan, the Director-General of the World Health Organization ||
 * **Issue Position:** -5 || **Justification:** WHO is notoriously known for being concerned with ethical questions throughout world healthcare and I have no doubt in my mind that its director would not fare well with the idea of a human being selling his or her body parts for money. (There is just too much risk of exploitation from the market idea to WHO)
 * **Power:** 5 || **Justification:** Not the world’s supreme health dictator, but it has a very good say in matters such as these, being backed up by many organizations and countries, as well as important professional figures, including doctors and leading healthcare experts.
 * **Priority:** 4 || **Justification:** With its extreme defense of human beings and their rights, WHO would certainly put the “organ market” issue up to the top of its list, but with so many other ethical issues in the world at the moment, main concerns will most likely reside elsewhere.
 * **PLAYER 4 -** || **Name and Title:** Sally Satel, American Enterprise Institute scholar ||
 * **Issue Position:** 5 || **Justification:** She was put in a situation herself where she desperately needed an organ donor, but it was not able to find one right away. Being in such a dire state, and seeing the organ shortage of this country first hand, she immediately looked at alternative policies other than our current one. She finds an organ market based off compensation quite feasible, and supports it heavily due to her own experiences.
 * **Power:** 2 || **Justification:** She is known nationwide, takes part in various lectures throughout the country on bioethics, and has some nationwide appeal. However, I believe her influence could only extend so far. ||
 * **Priority:** 3 || **Justification:** As mentioned, the whole situation is somewhat personal for her. However, her main career is in psychiatry, and she obviously has other matters on her hand besides lobbying for an organ market.
 * **PLAYER 5 -** || **Name and Title:** Lloyd Cohen, professor of law at the George Mason University School of Law ||
 * **Issue Position:** 4 || **Justification:** Having written publications with David Undis, Executive Director of LifeSharers (a supporter of an organ market, as mentioned above), Lloyd Cohen is in good favor of an organ market.
 * **Power:** 1 || **Justification:** As a professor, he has his connections throughout. He has also written various publications. Nonetheless, he does not have a lot of influence over the right sorts of people when it comes to the situation of lobbying over an organ market. ||
 * **Priority:** 3 || **Justification:** Being a professor of law must take up a vast amount of time on his end, and I just believe it is not at the top of his list of things to do.
 * 1) Using the policy identified in 9.1 and the information in Exercise 9.3, complete a Prince Chart in the form below. Make sure to restate your policy and recopy the numbers from 9.3 correctly. Calculate each player’s Prince Score according to the directions. (6 points)
 * **Players** || || **Issue Position** || **x** || **Power** || **x** || **Priority** || **=** || **Prince Score** ||
 * Stephen J. Dubner || || **5** || **x** || **2** || **x** || **2** || **=** || **20** ||
 * David Undis || || **4** || **x** || **3** || **x** || **3** || **=** || **36** ||
 * Dr. Margaret Chan || || **-5** || **x** || **5** || **x** || **4** || **=** || **-100** ||
 * Sally Satel || || **5** || **x** || **2** || **x** || **3** || **=** || **30** ||
 * Lloyd Cohen || || **4** || **x** || **1** || **x** || **3** || **=** || **12** ||
 * **Show your calculations here:**
 * **Interpret the probability according to Figure 9.2 in the //Maxwell Manual// here:**

Exercise 10.1: Selecting a Player for Developing a Strategy Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 4 points) Select a player for which to develop a strategy that aims to increase the probability of your policy being implemented. Justify your selection in terms of the player’s issue position, priority, and power. Yaron Brook, President and Executive Director of the Ayn Rand Center for Individual Rights (ARC), a division of the Ayn Rand Institute (ARI). The ARC is a non-profit organization with a commitment to “advance individual rights (the rights of each person to life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness) as the moral basis for a fully free, laissez-faire capitalist society.” Being the President and Executive Director of the ARI, as well as its division, the ARC, Yaron Brook is obviously a strong supporter of such philosophies. The right to an individual’s body, and what he/she can do with it, as well as the creation of an organ market, fall within extreme favor with Mr. Brook, so his issue position on the matter is undoubtedly strong. In terms of priority, Mr. Brook also places an organ market at the top being that his job entails working towards all things in line of the various philosophies mentioned. Mr. Brook also has very high political and social influence. He is a regular contributor to Forbes.com, a major financing website. A former finance professor himself, he has been published in academic as well as popular publications, and his opinion-editorials appear in major newspapers. He is frequently interviewed on national TV and radio. He also lectures on Objectivism, business ethics and foreign policy at college campuses, community groups and corporations across America and throughout the world, so he has contact with the public, from young to old. -. (n.d.) ARC: Ayn Rand Center for Individual Rights. //ARI’s Board of Directors.// Retrieved (2011, April 29), from [] -. (n.d.) ARC: Ayn Rand Center for Individual Rights. //Overview: About ARC.// Retrieved (2011, April 29), from [] -. (n.d.) Yaron Brook: Advocate for Objectivism. //Current News.// Retrieved (2011, April 29), from []
 * **State the player you selected here:**
 * **Justify your selection here:**

Exercise 10.2: Describing a Political Strategy Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 4 points) Describe **one** strategy that might be pursued by the player selected in Exercise 10.1. The strategy should attempt to increase the likelihood of your policy being implemented. The strategy must be within the capabilities of the player. Do NOT use “making an argument” in any way as your strategy. Use one of the methods discussed on pp. 118-121 of the //Maxwell Manual// to formulate your strategy. The strategy that may be pursued by Yaron Brook is to change the priority of other players. He can implement this strategy very well through his appearances, writings, and debates through CNBC, Fox Business News Network, BuisnessWeek, and Forbes. Mr. Brook also gives speeches throughout the nation, not only at political or business conventions/conferences, but at college campuses at well. By influencing players, such as those that confide in the public, vast support would be brought about for the creation of a regulated organ enterprise for the nation. To do this, Mr. Brook would have to set up a campaign of his company and himself towards the specific goal of creating an organ market for the U.S. The fact of Mr. Brook potentially raising awareness of the situation will most likely prompt other players, such as Stephen J. Dubner, David Undis, Sally Satel, Lloyd Cohen (the players I have already mentioned) and the like. This would increase their position priorities and further bring about support for the creation of an organ market. -. (n.d.) Yaron Brook: Advocate for Objectivism. //Current News.// Retrieved (2011, April 29), from []
 * **Clearly state the strategy including specific actions the player might take here:**

Exercise 10.3: Assessing the Impact of the Proposed Strategy Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 12 points) A. Show the impact of the strategy you developed in Exercise 10.2 using the Chart below. For each player, list the original issue position, power, and priority scores. Then list the new scores produced by your strategy. You will lose 3 points for incorrectly estimating the change or lack of change in the issue position, priority, and power of each player for a loss of up to 9 points. If the scores remain the same, write an "S". Part A score:_____ ** Stephen Dubner ** || **Issue Position:** || **5**  ||  **S**  ||  Already with strong opinion, the rise in publicity generated by Yaron Brook would most likely make Mr. Dubner release more literacy (i.e. in the forms of blogs and newspaper articles), concentrating more of his time on the issue, and thus raising his influence (power) on his various readers. || || **2**  ||  **3**  ||^   || ** David Undis ** || **Issue Position:** ||  **4**  ||  **5**  ||  If the organ market issue were to gain more headway, I have little doubt he would advocate LifeSharers and many of the organization’s members towards support of an organ market. || || **3**  ||  **S**  ||^   || ** Dr. Margaret Chan ** || **Issue Position:** || **-5**  ||  **S**  ||  With the onset of publicity attempts by Yaron Brook, the head of WHO would most likely become fixated on the issue of an organ market, raising her original priority of the situation. || || **5**  ||  **S**  ||^   || ** Sally Satel ** || **Issue Position:** || **5**  ||  **S**  ||  Due to the personal ties to the issue, she would immediately join up in support of an organ market when witnessing its appearance gaining headway throughout the nation, and would commit much of her time and publicational power to the debate. || || **2**  ||  **3**  ||^   || ** Lloyd Cohen ** || **Issue Position:** || **4**  ||  **5**  ||  The professor and close associate with David Undis would most likely join with his friend in support of an organ market when publicity for the situation increases. His power over the matter would increase as he puts more of his efforts into the project, as well as by working closely with Mr. Undis as he had done beforehand. || || **1**  ||  **2**  ||^   || B. Calculate the new probability of the policy being implemented and describe and assess the overall impact and success of your strategy. (3 points) Part B score:_____ Sum of all positive Prince Scores plus ½ the sum of all neutral Prince Scores: (60 + 75 + 75 + 40) + (0/2) = (250) + (0) = 250   Sum of all Prince Scores ignoring signs and parentheses: (60 + 75 + 125 + 75 + 40) = 375   Probability of Support = Sum of all positive Prince Scores plus ½ the sum of all neutral Prince Scores**/**Sum of all Prince Scores ignoring signs and parentheses = 250/375 = .667 = 66.7%   A probability of support for a regulated compensation system for organ donors (an organ market) in the U.S. falling at 66.7% indicates that the proposed policy is likely to be implemented. There still remains a chance it will not of course, but the odds are in much better standing then they were previously. Exercise 10.4: Making a Difference Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 3 points) Find a person in //How You Can Help// whom you would most likely aspire to be like at some point in your life. I have chosen his Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso.
 * Provide justification for only the players whose scores have changed. You may leave the other justification cells blank.
 * At least one justification must be based on information from one of the people you have contacted during the course or you will lose 9 points. (9 points)
 * **Player** || || **Original Scores** || **New Scores** || **Justification** ||
 * **Player 1 - Name:**
 * ^  || **Power:**
 * ^  || **Priority:** ||  **2**  ||  **4**  ||^   ||
 * **Player 2 – Name:**
 * ^  || **Power:**
 * ^  || **Priority:** ||  **3**  ||  **5**  ||^   ||
 * **Player 3 – Name:**
 * ^  || **Power:**
 * ^  || **Priority:** ||  **4**  ||  **5**  ||^   ||
 * **Player 4 – Name:**
 * ^  || **Power:**
 * ^  || **Priority:** ||  **3**  ||  **5**  ||^   ||
 * **Player 5 – Name:**
 * ^  || **Power:**
 * ^  || **Priority:** ||  **3**  ||  **4**  ||^   ||
 * **Show your calculations here:**
 * **Prince Score Revision** ||
 * **Players** || || **Issue Position** || **x** || **Power** || **x** || **Priority** || **=** || **Prince Score** ||
 * Stephen J. Dubner || || **5** || **x** || **3** || **x** || **4** || **=** || **60** ||
 * David Undis || || **5** || **x** || **3** || **x** || **5** || **=** || **75** ||
 * Dr. Margaret Chan || || **-5** || **x** || **5** || **x** || **5** || **=** || **-125** ||
 * Sally Satel || || **5** || **x** || **3** || **x** || **5** || **=** || **75** ||
 * Lloyd Cohen || || **5** || **x** || **2** || **x** || **4** || **=** || **40** ||
 * **Describe and assess the overall impact here:**
 * **Write the person you have chosen here and include a direct quote from //How You Can Help// that describes something they have done:**
 * **Write the first reason why you have this aspiration here:**

He has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent struggle that brought peace and democracy to Tibet.
 * **Write the second reason why you have this aspiration here:**

He has consistently advocated policies of non-violence, even in the face of extreme aggression. He became the first Nobel Laureate to be recognized for his concern for global environmental problems.
 * **Write the third reason why you have this aspiration here:**

-. (n.d.)His Holiness The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. //A Brief Biography.// Retrieved (2011, May 9), from []

-. (2011, April 28). The New York Times. //Times Topics – People – Dalai Lama.// Retrieved (2011, May 9), from []

Exercise 11.1 Policy Memorandum Based on What You Have Learned this Semester Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 40 points) Write a policy memo of no more than 350 words to a government official that reflects your latest thinking about the policy proposal process and demonstrates the concepts presented throughout the course. Your memo has to be about the policy you discussed in this module. Read the Policy Memo section of Chapter 11 and follow the guidelines closely. Every word over 350 words will result in a point deduction up to the entire 40 points for the exercise. 1. Societal problem 2. Proposed Policy 3. Benchmarks 4. Political Feasibility TO: Kathleen Sebelius Secretary of Health and Human ServicesFROM: Brandon Mogrovejo SUBJECT: Regulated compensation market for organ donors throughout the United States
 * Identify the name and office of a current elected or appointed official who is a player for your policy and write a policy memo using the following form: TO: Bob Smith President of ABC Club FROM: Your Name SUBJECT: Your policy proposal in 10 words or less
 * Write a 350 word memo with the following sub-headings:
 * In parentheses at the end of the memo, provide the word count of the text of the memo. To obtain this, highlight the text of your memo, go to the “Tools” menu, and click on “Word Count.”
 * In addition to submitting this exercise with the rest of your Module, go to the PAF 101 website - Downloads – 11.1 Final Memo - Submit your completed memo - __PRINT OUT the receipt and attach behind this exercise, or lose ALL 40 points__. Also attach behind this exercise the receipt of completion for your Post-Test. Failure to attach the Post-Test receipt will result in a loss of 5 points from this exercise.
 * **Place your memo here:**

Societal Problem: There currently is, and will continue to be, a shortage of organs available for transplantation throughout the United States. Every day, about 19 people die waiting for an organ transplant, and the numbers continue to rise as an effective method for distributing organs is not found. This is due to the fact that the number of recipients for organs is ever increasing as technological advances in medicine keep people alive, but the actual organs becoming available for transplants stays fairly steady. Not many people are willing to give up a piece of their body for nothing in return.

Proposed Policy: With a monetary compensation market, regulated by a higher authority such as the Federal Government, this issue can be completely alleviated. Donors would be able to sell their organs not necessary to them for survival, such as a part of a lung, liver, intestines, or pancreas. More notably however, would be the sale of a kidney, the highest organ in demand. A compensation market would erase any demand for kidneys, as almost everyone can live with just one, and would be more likely to sell their spare for monetary gain.

Benchmarks: The expectation of said policy is to lower the rate of the increasing gap between available organs and those waiting for them by to 14% between 2011 and 2014, continuing to lower at a similar rate onward. The policy would do this simply by raising the number of organs in the market, when people begin to sell them. With this in place, the demand of organs should “cap off” earlier then it would without the policy implementation since only so many people will inevitably need organs to survive.

Political Feasibility: The political feasibility of bringing about a compensation market in the United States is moderate. There are those who absolutely oppose the position, such as WHO, those who are completely supportive, such as Yaron Brook, and many in between. It is not an easy debate to win, but also not impossible. With proper political and social persuasion, a properly regulated market is more than reasonable to bring about in the U.S.  (347)

Exercise 11.2: References Your Total Score:_____ (Maximum: 6 points)
 * Prepare a list of references that includes all sources for this module.
 * Follow the APA format.
 * Include all sources used in the exercises.


 * **Start References on the next line or on the next page:**

-. (n.d.) ARC: Ayn Rand Center for Individual Rights. //ARI’s Board of Directors.// Retrieved (2011, April 29), from [] -. (n.d.) ARC: Ayn Rand Center for Individual Rights. //Overview: About ARC.// Retrieved (2011, April 29), from [] -. (n.d.)His Holiness The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. //A Brief Biography.// Retrieved (2011, May 9), from [] -. (n.d.) LifeSharers: Organs for Organ Donors. //Welcome to LifeSharers.// Retrieved (2011, April 25), from [] -. (2011, April 28). The New York Times. //Times Topics – People – Dalai Lama.// Retrieved (2011, May 9), from [|http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/d/_dalai_lama/index.html?scp =1-spot&sq=dalai%20lama&st=cse] -. (2007, October 9). World Health Organization. //Director-General announces structural changes.// Retrieved (2011, April 26), from [] -. (n.d.) Yaron Brook: Advocate for Objectivism. //Current News.// Retrieved (2011, April 29), from [] Cohen, L., & Undis, D. J. (2006, January 2). LewRockwell.com. Organ Insurgents vs.Organ Bureaucrats. Retrieved (2011, April 26), from [] Cohen, L., & Undis, D. J. (2006, May 11). LewRockwell.com. Organ Socialism. Retrieved (2011, April 26), from [] Dubner, Stephen. (2006, May 15). Freakonomics: The Hidden Side of Everything. //Is America Ready for an Organ-Donor Market?// Retrieved (2011, April 25), from [] Rachlin, Joan. (2009, August 25). PRIM&R. Who is Sally Satel, and why is she saying those things about IRBs? Retrieved (2011, April 26), from [] Satel, Sally. (2006, May 15). The New York Times. //Death’s Waiting List.// Retrieved (2011, April 25), from []